Hydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On Water Quality

Introduction The United States has experienced an oil and gas renaissance in the recent decade thanks to technological advances closing loopholes in fracking policies will improve water quality, solutions to loop holes technical and policy solutions. Background Hydro fracking is the process of drilling a well vertically into the ground, then drilling a horizontal well off of the vertical well and injecting fluids which consist of water and between three and twelve chemicals. These chemicals are injected underground at high pressures to crack open shale rock and release natural gas or oil trapped which may be trapped in the rock. This then allows the natural gas or oil to flow to the surface where it can then be collected (Prud homme†¦show more content†¦The first attempt to use hydraulic fracturing in a well took place in the Hugoton gas field in Grant County, Kansas in 1947. Many experiments were performed after this but in the 1970’s the federal government started the Eastern Gas Shales Project due to the energy crisis of 1973 (Prud homme 2013). In 1980, one year after the second energy crisis of 1979, Congress passed the Windfall Profits Tax Act, which created a tax credit for unconventional gas; this tax credit spurre d the growth of shale hydro fracking and has made what hydraulic fracturing is today. There are commonly two types of wells, conventional well which are drilled straight down and hydraulic fracturing wells both types of wells start out in similar ways. Once a drill pad has been built and the equipment is in place, the First step is to drill a vertical well into a layer of shale. These vertical wells are usually 3,280 feet or 0.62 of a mile beneath the surface to put this in to perspective it would be like drilling down into the earth the length of nine American football fields (Prud homme 2013). This depth can vary depending on location, geology and stage of drilling. Some wells may range anywhere from 5,000 to 9,000 feet deep. A set length of steel pipe is inserted in to the well soon after the drilling begins. This steel pipe is called the conductor

Critique of Two View Points on Holocaust Oppression free essay sample

The following two articles provide a classic example of the tension that exists within current historiography of the Holocaust. Both seek to define the Holocaust upon different criteria, of which ultimately devalues different groups that experienced Nazi persecution. Sybil Milton’s, â€Å"Gypsies and the Holocaust† details the history of the Gypsies under the Nazi movement. Milton’s article is a convincing argument for the inclusion of the Gypsies and as a by-product, the handicapped, as victims of the Holocaust.Milton provides a detailed history of the Nazi treatment of the Gypsies, from their placement in Zigeunerlager (special internment camps for Gypsies) prior to 1939, to their biological registration, relocation, incarceration in concentration camps and eventual massacre. Milton’s article lists reasons for the concentration on Judeocide within the Holocaust literature, and reformulates the categorization of the ‘Holocaust’. For Milton, the prime consideration on the fate of the Jews in Nazi Germany in current historiography is related to a number of factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of Two View Points on Holocaust Oppression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two of these are the larger number of primary government documents relating to Jewish treatment, and the greater production of Jewish memoir literature. Milton also considers the political motivation of the German people in concentrating solely on Judeocide: â€Å"if one considers the fate of the Gypsies and the handicapped, rather than just the Jews, one must begin to consider pre-1939 occurrences carried out by â€Å"ordinary† German bureaucrats, scientists and policemen. [1] Milton challenges the dominant conception of the ‘Holocaust’ on the basis that it, â€Å"posits a qualitative difference between the murder of the Jews and that of the Gypsies and the handicapped without providing any convincing documentary evidence. †[2] For Milton, the Holocaust constitutes the mass murder of the Jews, the Gypsies and the handicapped in the process of the Nazi conquest to create a biologically homogenous race. Milton’s reformulation is significant on two p oints. This definition of the Holocaust validates and recognizes the experiences of the Gypsies and the handicapped under the Nazi regime.Furthermore, it also places the Holocaust within the context of the Nazi’s attempt to create a pure â€Å"Aryan† race; this produces a level of comprehensibility in what is largely considered an incomprehensible subject. Yehuda Bauer represents a prominent advocate of the ‘unique’ definition of the Holocaust: the Holocaust for Bauer is solely the mass murder of the Jews by the Nazis. In, â€Å"Correspondence: Gypsies and The Holocaust† Bauer provides a critique of the above article by Milton.Initially, Bauer notes that there is insufficient scholarship on the relation between the treatment of the Jews and the Gypsies by the Nazi’s, and that, â€Å"one must reserve judgment,† on the matter. [3] However, it is clear that Bauer has failed to meet his own recommendations. While Bauer states that the treatment of the Gypsies by the Nazi’s is both, â€Å"poignant,† and â€Å"horrible,† he is adamant that they and the handicapped are not to be considered victims of the Holocaust. Bauer’s primary basis for this judgment is that, in contrast to the Jews, not all Gypsies were targeted for extermination.

Taking Away The Right Of Privacy Essays - HIVAIDS,

Taking Away The Right Of Privacy Taking Away the Right of Privacy The global AIDS epidemic is having very strong social impacts on many societies. AIDS is being compared with the Bubonic Plague which swept Europe in a mad fury leaving only two thirds of the original population alive. People speculate that this disease is going to be the be all and end all of the human population as we know it. It has been sent to us to end our existence because of what we have done wrong, to the earth and to each other. These are the beliefs of many very frightened people who fear the demise of the human race from this devastating disease. There has been extensive research done on this topic so people know how it is transmitted and how to avoid contraction of it, yet sometimes, that is what scares them. Many people infected do not know they are infected, putting others in sexual contact with them at a high risk level. Also, many know they are infected and do not care what happens to the others around them. There have been many proposals of mandatory HIV screening and testing for these reasons. Some people want mandatory testing for HIV for all people in a certain age range. This seems like a good idea at first because it would lessen the risk of contracting HIV. People would know if they were infected, but there are some problems with this. If people knew they were infected, would they necessarily disclose this information to all people it should be told to? To combat this problem, some people think that this information should be available to people in contact with the infected person. This then would be a direct violation of privacy. So, is this violation of privacy permissible because it would protect the community? Is this a violation of the prima facie rights given to us as hum ans? In examining these questions, I will use two essays found in Contemporary Issues in Bioethics by Beauchamp and Walters. The first, used only for statistics, by Cochran and Mays is called Sex, Lies, and HIV. The second is the focus of this paper and it is called Mandatory HIV Screening and Testing by Childress. In the essay Mandatory HIV Screening and Testing, Childress argues why mandatory HIV testing is unjustifiable. It is a violation of respect for autonomy, rules of liberty, rules of privacy, and rules of confidentiality. The way he argues this is by stating what must be the conditions for overriding prima facie principles and rules. He states and explains these rules one by one an makes it extremely clear why the prima facie principles can not be violated on this issue. According to Childress, there are five conditions which must be met to justify infringements of these [prima facie principles and] rules (Childress 559). The first of these conditions is effectiveness. In this case, someone would have to show that violating these rules would benefit and protect the health of society. But, a policy that infringes the moral rules but is ineffective simply has no justification; it is arbitrary and capricious (Childress 559). The second of these conditions is proportionality. It involves t he actual rules being violated and the consequences of this violation, yet it also includes the consequences that may occur in the future because of the violation of this rule. Next Childress describes that condition is necessity. If there is a better choice, or even a reasonable alternative, the choice or alternative should be taken. The fourth condition is that of least infringement. This is explained best by a quote from the essay. When liberty is at stake, the society should seek the least restrictive alternative; when privacy is at stake, it should seek the least intrusive and invasive alternative; and when confidentiality is at stake, it should disclose only the amount and kind of information needed for effective action (Childress 559). The final condition is the principle of respect. This principle is very large and entails a lot of detail. Even if it is essential to infringe a person's rights in order to protect the public health, that person should not be reduced to a

How to Cure a Hangover After a College Party

How to Cure a Hangover After a College Party The history of alcohol is a bit sketchy. While no one knows exactly when the first alcoholic drink was developed, archeologists have found proof of a fermented drink made from rice, honey and fruit being consumed 9,000 years ago. The date alcohol was invented may not now be known but one thing is – the following day the hangover was discovered. Since then, people have been searching for the perfect fix. Top 5 Hangover Cures Here weve collected the Top 5 Hangover cures history has to offer as well as a look back to some that have (thankfully) stayed buried in the past. H2-Oh My Aching Head Whatever hangover cure you try, be sure water plays a role. Alcohol dehydrates your entire body and what it really needs is to replace that lost fluid. So begin your day by sipping – not chugging – a tall glass of water. Pro tip: drink water in between alcohol drinks. Toast Tea The healing powers of a simple breakfast have long been heralded as a hangover cure. In 1896, writer Guy Beringer wrote an article extolling the virtues of a mid morning meal as a hangover cure. He insisted it would make life brighter for Saturday-night carousers and could sweep away the cobwebs of the week. While the thought of food may not be especially appealing first thing The Morning After, having some carbs in your stomach can help ease the roller coaster of nausea. Including a beverage like plain tea or even ginger ale can also help to settle the stomach. Plop, Plop, Fizz, Fizz Effervescent tablets like Alka Seltzer have been a hangover standby for years. The fizzing bubbles and sodium bicarbonate (aka Baking Soda) will help to settle your stomach but make sure you dont bolt the glass down like a shot. The aspirin and citric acid could irritate your stomach if you drink it too fast. Get in Touch With Your Feminine Side Taking pain relievers developed for PMS can help with hangovers as well. Pain killers include a mix of pain relievers, diuretics and caffeine to help with cramping, pain and bloating. Each of them also helps to alleviate the symptoms of a hangover more effectively than pain relievers on their own. Gentle Exercise While this isnt the time to start training for your Iron Man marathon, some slow and gentle exercise can help the Morning After. Do something simple like stretching or a short walk to get your blood moving. This should only be done once youve had some water and a small amount of food. If you begin to feel dizzy or nauseous, rest and have some more water before trying it again. Weird Hangover Cures From History Every culture has their own rich history of how to cure a hangover. Throughout history, every corner of the globe has offered up their own version of a magical cure. While these five cures have stood the test of time to achieve mainstream acceptance, other cultural cures havent quite caught on. An ancient Scottish cure is called the Highland Fling. Heat a pint of buttermilk and add in a tablespoon of cornstarch. Season with salt and pepper and drink while still warm. Romanians swear by eating tripe – a cows stomach boiled in a salty vegetable broth and seasoned with vinegar and cream. Some swear it cures a hangover by expelling the poisons while others insist the thought of having to have it the next morning keeps your drinking under control the night before. One home remedy from Puerto Rico calls for the patient to run a slice of lemon or lime under their drinking arm before they head out for the night. The Ancient Romans – notorious for the drinking and excess – prescribed a breakfast of sheep lungs and owl eggs to cure the morning after headache. American cowboys back in the day used to shake off the excess from the night before by starting their day off with a special tea brewed with rabbit droppings. Although these cures are more likely to result in laughter from friends than actual help, the fact is that only one thing can actually cure a hangover – time and water. A hangover is your bodys way of trying to rid itself of the poison – er, lovely alcohol – you were nice enough to share with it the previous evening. While trying the hangover cures from this article may help shorten your hangover, the best bet in the future is to simply not drink to excess or schedule the following day off from work so you can rest and get plenty of fluids. Have a surefire hangover cure thats worked for you in the past? Share it in comments. Image credit: Warner Bros Pictures.

A Summary of the Libertarian Party Platform

A Summary of the Libertarian Party Platform Like most political platforms, the Libertarian party platform is vague and abstract. It also tends to be a little bit utopian in its approach, and this can make it difficult to ascertain where the party stands on specific issues facing the country at any given time. Libertarian Party Platform Fiscal policy:  The Libertarian party opposes taxation in pretty much all forms, and it deals with the revenue loss by opposing entitlement programs across the board. This means that people keep more of what they earn, but it also means that there is no social safety net. Ambitious, sweeping proposals - such as universal pre-kindergarten and universal health care - are obviously not compatible with this objective.Corporations:  The party would eliminate all federal subsidies to private corporations, as well as all antitrust laws.Public services: The Libertarian party would like to eliminate the U.S. Postal Service. It wants to transfer all government services, from public schools to landfills, to private ownership.Property rights:  The party would restrict the public domain to immediate public use and sell or give away most public property to private owners.Criminal justice: It would eliminate all anti-drug laws and legalize prostitution, as well as end random police roadbloc ks.Free speech:  The party would abolish the FCC and allow private ownership of broadcast frequencies. It opposes all restriction of free speech, including that in the name of national security. Church and state:  The Libertarian party calls for reduced IRS regulation and monitoring of tax-exempt churches.The Second Amendment:  The party strongly opposes all gun control, as well as regulation of alternative weapon technologies, such as mace and tasers.  The draft: It calls for the abolition of the Selective Service System and amnesty for any citizen who has ever resisted the draft.Reproductive rights:  The Libertarian party is pro-choice. It opposes all federal funding of abortion and most federal entitlements for women who choose to carry their pregnancies to term, including the child tax credit. it opposes involuntary or fraudulent sterilization.LGBT rights: The party opposes the dont ask, dont tell doctrine. It believes that marriage is a private contract, and as such, it should yield no government benefits regardless of the gender of the partners.Immigrants rights: The Libertarian party argues that borders should be open but surveilled. Everyone who does not pose a threat to public health or national security should be allowed to enter the country legally. It would deny all federal benefits to undocumented immigrants.

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button - Essay Example According to the author, Mark Twain’s remark that it is a â€Å"pity that the best part of life came at the beginning and the worst part at the end† has inspired him to write a story, in which he experiments a character who ages in the reverse order (1). The movie differs from the story in many aspects but it retains the basic premise of the protagonist aging backwards. The film’s theme departs drastically from the perceived notions of a Hollywood movie and explores a novel concept, thus making its viewing a unique experience for the audience. The movie, with its poignant themes, profound philosophical ideas and portrayal of love, will remain etched in the viewers’ mind long after they have watched it. The basic reason for my choice of this movie for my final paper is that I have always felt a close personal affinity to the story, which conceptualizes a man aging backwards. This reversal in nature’s process brings very interesting and bizarre consequences in his life. The main reason for my fascination for the movie stems from the fact that as a child, I used to fantasize how cool it will be to grow younger rather than older. Basically, I have felt that being different from other people could be a thrilling experience, especially in the context of ageing. Besides, the whole concept of the movie is so romantic, appealing to the senses of compassion and benevolence in me, especially the tender love of his foster mother for Ben when he during his ‘younger’ stages as an ugly old person. Also, the story postulates many idealistic philosophies that have inspired positive attitudes in me since I saw it as a 16 year old. The story has bred an understanding that the dis advantages in a person must not be considered as shortcomings. It has also made me realize that people whose traits do not fit into mainstream notion also deserve the same rights and considerations as any other person in this world, because

The Impact of Information Technogoly in Public agency Research Paper

The Impact of Information Technogoly in Public agency - Research Paper Example The  Federal Bureau of Investigation  (FBI) is a  US government agency attached to the Department of Justice with its headquarters in Edgar Hoover Building, Washington D.C (FBI, 2012). The US government established the FBI in 1908 with a core mission of investigating federal crime, enforcing federal laws, enhancing national security, and bringing criminals to justice (Hamilton, 2007). Its priorities include protecting the United States from terrorist attacks, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption and all forms of crime, protecting the United States against cyber-based attacks, supporting local and international partners, combat transnational criminal organizations, and protecting the United States against foreign intelligence (United States Department of Justice, 2010). To realize its priorities and mission, the FBI relies on domestic and foreign Intelligence, Law Enforcement Communities, federal government support, and top class information technology to improve its operations operational and enhance the effectiveness of the agency. However, with the recent and vibrant technological advancements terrorist and criminals are now using recent technologies to launch attacks to its allies and US. Hence, to remain reliable in its commission, the FBI requires the best of information technology to keep in pace and curb the high-tech insecurity. As such, the FBI has developed the FBIs IT strategic plan and initiated measures of acquiring the best information technology professionals, digitized its operations, and maintained the FBIs IT enterprise and website (United States Department of Justice, 2010). This has been significant in providing technical direction FBI business processes, maintaining the FBIs technology assets, and providing high-tech identification and information services relating to national